The Drive for Altered States of Consciousness

The topic of inquiry is the universal human and animal research for altered states of consciousness. The research question asked: What is the relationship between the pervasive and enduring drive towards altered states of consciousness and the realities of substance use and abuse? Although the study's methodology exhibits some heuristic elements, this hermeneutic investigation attempts to find the truth or an interpretation of the truth. No single or simple answer emerged. Findings suggest the practice of intoxication is a complex issue embedded in the human experience and is both local and global, micro and macro, personal and familial, internal and external, and has social, cultural, economic, political, and relational implications, all with conflicting attitudes and opinions. As clinicians work with persons with addictions, they must be aware of the pleasure-and intoxication-seeking behaviors and instincts of all humans along with the range of external influences on the client.