three modern translations

Translation in the field of language is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text (also called the 'receptor language'). The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between translating, which refers to written texts, and interpreting, which denotes the oral or signed rendering of speech between languages. A translator always risks inadvertently introducing source-language words, g…