Cicero, Marcus Tulius (106-43 BCE)

Philosophical pessimism is a philosophical school that is critical of existence, emphasizing the inherent suffering and futility of life. This perspective can be traced back to various religious traditions and philosophical writings throughout history. Pessimism, in this context, is not merely a negative psychological outlook, but a philosophical stance that questions the fundamental value or worth of existence. Notable early expressions of pessimistic thought can be found in the works of ancien…