On prayer and contemplation
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On prayer and contemplation
Matthew Webb Levering’s On Prayer and Contemplation offers a dense, academically-grounded approach to understanding spiritual disciplines. Levering moves with precision through patristic and scholastic thought, particularly in his treatment of theosis as a theological goal. The book’s strength lies in its systematic unpacking of complex theological ideas, grounding devotional practices in robust doctrinal frameworks. However, the sheer density of its academic apparatus can sometimes obscure the experiential nature of prayer it seeks to illuminate, potentially alienating readers seeking a more direct devotional guide. A particularly insightful passage is Levering’s careful distinction between different modes of prayer, such as discursive versus affective prayer, which clarifies historical shifts in emphasis. For those willing to engage with its scholarly rigor, the book provides essential theological scaffolding for contemplation.
📝 Description
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### What It Is On Prayer and Contemplation presents a rigorous theological examination of the practices of prayer and contemplative union with the divine. First published in 2005, the work is an academic exploration into the nature of spiritual experience and its articulation within Christian tradition. It moves beyond devotional manuals to analyze the theological underpinnings and historical development of these disciplines.
### Who It's For This book is intended for serious students of theology, comparative religion, and spiritual disciplines who seek a scholarly perspective on prayer. It will appeal to those interested in the intersection of systematic theology and mystical practice, particularly within the Western Christian context. Academics and advanced practitioners looking for a detailed analysis of devotional theology will find it particularly valuable.
### Historical Context The work is situated within contemporary theological discourse, engaging with historical figures and debates that have shaped the understanding of prayer and contemplation. It acknowledges a lineage of spiritual writers and thinkers whose ideas continue to inform contemporary discussions. The book emerged in a period of renewed interest in classical theological sources and mystical traditions within academic circles.
### Key Concepts Central to the text are concepts such as 'theosis' (divinization), the nature of divine presence, and the role of grace in spiritual ascent. Levering explores the distinction and relationship between discursive prayer (meditation) and affective prayer (contemplation). The work also addresses the theological anthropology that underpins these practices, examining how human beings are oriented toward God.
💡 Why Read This Book?
• Gain a theological framework for contemplative practices, understanding the concept of 'theosis' as presented by Levering, which offers a specific path to divine union. • Explore the historical development of prayer disciplines within Western Christianity, referencing specific theological debates from the patristic era that shaped these practices. • Understand the theological anthropology underpinning spiritual ascent, learning how Levering articulates the human orientation toward God in prayer.
⭐ Reader Reviews
Honest opinions from readers who have explored this book.
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
What is the central focus of Matthew Webb Levering's "On Prayer and Contemplation"?
The book offers a theological examination of prayer and contemplative union with God, exploring its doctrinal underpinnings and historical development within Christian tradition since its first publication in 2005.
Who is the intended audience for this scholarly work on prayer?
It is aimed at students of theology, comparative religion, and spiritual disciplines who desire a scholarly perspective, particularly those interested in Western Christian mystical traditions.
Does the book discuss the concept of divinization?
Yes, the concept of 'theosis,' or divinization, is a central theme. Levering explores its meaning as a theological goal and its relation to spiritual practice.
How does "On Prayer and Contemplation" differentiate between types of prayer?
Levering distinguishes between discursive prayer, often involving meditation, and affective prayer, which leads to contemplation, analyzing the theological nuances of each.
What historical periods or figures are discussed in relation to prayer?
The book engages with theological thought from the patristic and scholastic eras, referencing key figures and debates that have shaped the understanding of prayer and contemplation.
Is this book a practical guide for beginners in prayer?
While informative, its dense theological and academic approach makes it more suitable for those with a background in theology or spiritual studies rather than absolute beginners.
🔮 Key Themes & Symbolism
Theosis and Divine Union
The core of Levering's exploration centers on the concept of 'theosis,' or divinization, viewing it not as mere imitation but as a participation in the divine life. The work meticulously traces this concept through patristic and scholastic theology, arguing that contemplative prayer is the primary means by which this union is actualized. It posits that achieving a state of contemplative awareness is intrinsically linked to the soul's transformation and its reception of divine grace, moving beyond mere ethical adherence to a profound ontological shift.
Discursive vs. Affective Prayer
Levering carefully delineates between discursive prayer (meditation, mental prayer involving reasoning) and affective prayer, which transitions into contemplation. This distinction is crucial for understanding the progression of the spiritual life as articulated in historical Christian theology. The book examines how the mind's activity in discursive prayer prepares the soul for the passive reception of divine presence characteristic of contemplation, highlighting the theological justifications for this developmental model.
Theological Anthropology and Prayer
The book's analysis is grounded in a specific understanding of theological anthropology – how humans are created and oriented towards God. Levering argues that prayer, particularly contemplation, is the fulfillment of this inherent human orientation. He explores how the fallen human condition necessitates divine grace for any genuine spiritual progress, and how contemplative practices are designed to cooperate with this grace, leading to a restoration of the soul's original purpose.
The Nature of Divine Presence
A significant aspect of the work involves defining and understanding the nature of God's presence in prayer. Levering engages with theological debates concerning immanence and transcendence, suggesting that contemplative prayer allows for a unique, albeit indirect, apprehension of God's being. This is not about empirical experience but a theological knowing, a spiritual perception facilitated by divine action within the soul, moving beyond purely intellectual assent.
💬 Memorable Quotes
“Theosis as the goal of Christian life.”
— This highlights the ultimate aim of spiritual disciplines discussed in the book: not just moral improvement, but a profound transformation and participation in the divine nature through grace.
“Distinction between discursive and affective prayer.”
— This emphasizes Levering's analytical approach, showing how he breaks down prayer into distinct stages and types, each with its own theological significance and purpose in spiritual development.
“Prayer as cooperation with divine grace.”
— This underscores the book's theological perspective, asserting that spiritual progress is not solely a human effort but a synergistic relationship between human will and divine assistance.
“Contemplation as a form of spiritual knowing.”
— This paraphrase suggests that contemplation is presented not as emotional sentimentality but as a higher mode of spiritual apprehension, distinct from purely intellectual understanding.
“The fulfillment of human orientation toward God.”
— This interpretation points to the book's view of prayer as the actualization of humanity's inherent design and purpose, which is to be in relationship with the divine.
🌙 Esoteric Significance
Tradition
While rooted in Christian theology, On Prayer and Contemplation engages with principles that resonate within broader esoteric traditions concerning direct experience of the divine. Its focus on 'theosis' and contemplative union aligns with Gnostic aspirations for deification and Hermetic ideals of 'as above, so below,' albeit framed within orthodox Christian doctrine. It departs from more overtly mystical or alchemical traditions by emphasizing the institutional and scriptural authority of the Church as the mediator of these experiences.
Symbolism
The book implicitly engages with the symbolism of light and darkness, representing divine presence and the soul's journey towards illumination. The concept of the 'cloud of unknowing,' a motif often explored in Christian mysticism, serves as a symbol for the apophatic aspect of contemplation, where God is apprehended not through conceptualization but through a loving, unmediated presence that transcends rational understanding.
Modern Relevance
Contemporary thinkers and practitioners interested in the integration of contemplative practices into secular or interfaith contexts can draw from Levering's work. His detailed articulation of theological anthropology provides a robust framework for understanding the human drive for transcendence. Schools of depth psychology and contemplative studies that seek to understand the structure of spiritual experience, beyond specific religious dogma, find value in his systematic approach to prayer and divine union.
👥 Who Should Read This Book
• Advanced theology students and scholars seeking to understand the doctrinal underpinnings of Christian contemplative practices and the concept of theosis. • Comparative religion researchers interested in the specific theological framework that shapes Western Christian mystical traditions and prayer disciplines. • Devotional readers who have a background in theological study and wish to deepen their understanding of prayer, moving beyond personal experience to its historical and systematic dimensions.
📜 Historical Context
Matthew Webb Levering’s On Prayer and Contemplation, first published in 2005, emerged within a theological landscape where classical Christian thought was experiencing a significant revival. The work engages deeply with the traditions of patristic and scholastic theology, placing it in dialogue with scholars like Jean Daniélou and Hans Urs von Balthasar, who championed the study of the Church Fathers. This period saw a counter-movement against purely existential or sociological interpretations of religion, with a renewed focus on metaphysical and doctrinal foundations. Levering’s work can be seen as part of this broader effort to re-ground contemporary theology in its historical sources. While not a direct engagement with contemporary spiritual movements like New Age mysticism, its rigorous defense of traditional contemplative practices implicitly positions it against more eclectic or privatized forms of spirituality gaining traction at the time.
📔 Journal Prompts
Theosis as the theological goal of spiritual practice.
The distinction between discursive and affective prayer.
The human orientation toward God.
The nature of divine presence in contemplation.
The role of grace in spiritual ascent.
🗂️ Glossary
Theosis
A central concept in Eastern Orthodox and some Western Christian theology, referring to the process of becoming like God or attaining divine likeness through grace and spiritual practice. It signifies a transformation of the soul into the divine image.
Discursive Prayer
A form of mental prayer involving the use of the intellect to meditate on scripture, theological concepts, or spiritual truths. It is characterized by reasoning and reflection, moving from one thought to another.
Affective Prayer
A stage of prayer that follows discursive prayer, characterized by an outpouring of the heart's affections and emotions towards God. It often involves simple acts of love, desire, and compunction.
Contemplation
A state of prayer characterized by a direct, simple, and loving gaze upon God, often beyond words, images, or concepts. It is a passive reception of divine presence, facilitated by grace.
Theological Anthropology
The study of the nature of humanity as understood through the lens of theology. It explores what it means to be human in relation to God, including creation, fall, and redemption.
Apophatic Theology
A theological approach that describes God by negation, asserting what God is not, rather than what God is. It emphasizes the ineffable and transcendent nature of the divine.
Patristic Theology
The theology of the early Christian Church Fathers, typically from the 2nd to the 8th centuries. Their writings are foundational to Christian doctrine and spiritual tradition.
